Chitosan

Dosis: 3-40 g/Tag

Inhalt

1. GH-Anregung
2. Dickdarmkrebs
3. Hypercholesterinämie
4. Magengeschwüre
5. Arteriosklerose
6. Immunschwäche
7. Leaky Gut
8. Adipositas
9. Diabetes
10. Leptinresistenz
11. Arthrose



1.  GH-Anregung

Effect of dietary supplementation of chitosan and galacto-mannan-oligosaccharide on serum parameters and the insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA expression in early-weaned piglets

Dietary supplementation of COS and GMOS also increased (P<0.05) the serum GH and IGF-I levels along with enhanced hepatic and the muscle IGF-I mRNA abundance. Dietary supplementation of oligosaccharides such as COS and GMOS may improve growth and feed conversion efficiency by increasing plasma GH and IGF-I levels, in the early-weaned piglets.

Effects of Chitosan on Body Weight Gain, Growth Hormone and Intestinal Morphology in Weaned Pigs

The results showed that the average body weight gain (BWG) of pigs was improved quadratically by dietary chitosan during the former 14 d and the later 14 d after weaned (p<0.05). Furthermore, dietary supplementation of chitosan tended to quadratically increase the concentration of serum GH on d 14 (p = 0.082) and 28 (p = 0.087).



2. Dickdarmkrebs

Chitosan oligosaccharide suppresses tumor progression in a mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer through AMPK activation and suppression of NF-κB and mTOR signaling

Using a mouse model of colitis-associated CRC, we found that oral administration of COS (500mg/kg/day) resulted in a ∼60% reduction of tumor size and tumor numbers/sectioning. In addition, COS treatment increased AMPK activity, suppressed the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response and reduced the expressions of cyclin D1, phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6, and MMP-9 in the colon tissues of these mice. Importantly, administration of COS (500mg/kg/day; 50 days) had no adverse effects on renal or liver functions.



3. Hypercholesterinämie

Antiaging effect of dietary chitosan supplementation on glutathione-dependent antioxidant system in young and aged rats

The dietary supplementation of chitosan significantly reduced the age-associated dyslipidemic abnormalities noted in the levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in plasma and heart tissue. Its administration significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated the oxidative stress in the heart tissue of aged rats through the counteraction of free radical formation by maintaining the enzymatic [glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR)] and non-enzymatic [reduced glutathione (GSH)] status at levels comparable to that of normal young rats.

4. Magengeschwüre

Anti-ulcerogenic effect of chitin and chitosan on mucosal antioxidant defence system in HCl-ethanol-induced ulcer in rats

The pre-treatment with chitin and chitosan was found to exert a significant anti-ulcer effect by preventing all the HCl-ethanol-induced ulcerogenic effects in experimental rats.



5. Arteriosklerose

Dietary chitosan inhibits hypercholesterolaemia and atherogenesis in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse model of atherosclerosis

Blood cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the chitosan fed animals throughout the study, and at 20 weeks were 64% of control levels. When the area of aortic plaque in the two groups was compared a highly significant inhibition of atherogenesis, in both the whole aorta and the aortic arch, was observed in the chitosan fed animals—42 and 50%, respectively. Body growth was significantly greater in the chitosan fed animals.



6. Immunschwäche

Effects of dietary supplementation of chitosan on immune function in growing Huoyan geese

The results showed that compared with the control group, the relative weight of thymus, serum concentrations of IGF-I, INS, GH, T3, T4, IgM, IgG, IgA, complement C3, and IL-2 in CS200 group were significantly higher at both 42 and 56 D of age, respectively (P < 0.05). In addition, relative weight of bursa of fabricius (BF), spleen, serum complement C4, and TNF-a concentrations in CS200 group were higher at 56 D of age (P < 0.05), no differences were observed at 42 D of age (P > 0.05). These results indicated that addition of 200 mg/kg CS enhanced immune organs weight, serum concentrations of immunoglobulins, complements, hormone, as well as cytokines, and improved immune function of growing Huoyan geese.

Effect of chitosan supplementation on immune response in mice

The phagocytic index was 2.12 ± 0.02 and 1.60 ± 0.03 in G3 and G2 respectively compared to 0.84± 0.01 in G1. The level of lysozyme showed significant increase and it was 403.04 ± 21.12 and 313.48 ± 21.07 in G3 and G2 respectively compared to 197.02± 15.85 in G1 after 21 days of supplementation. While tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) showed significant decrease and it was 55.10 ± 0.05 and 55.70 ± 0.16 in G3 and G2 respectively compared to 59.30 ± 0.60 in G1 after 14 days of supplementation. The level of IgG showed significant increase and it was 966.66± 2.40 and 815.66 ± 1.20 in G3 and G2 respectively compared to 702.66 ± 3.71 in G1. The level of IgM showed significant increase and it was 231.33± 3.28 and 179.33 ± 2.60 in G3 and G2 respectively compared to 156.33 ± 1.20 in G1.



7. Leaky Gut

Effects of Chitosan on Body Weight Gain, Growth Hormone and Intestinal Morphology in Weaned Pigs

Diets supplemented with increasing levels of chitosan increased quadratically the villus height of jejunum and ileum on d 14 (p = 0.089, p<0.01) and 28 (p = 0.074, p<0.01), meanwhile, chitosan increased quadratically the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and ileum on d 14 (p<0.05, p = 0.055, p<0.01) and 28 (p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.01), however, it decreased quadratically crypt depth in ileum on d 14 (p<0.05) and that in duodenum, jejunum and ileum on d 28 (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.05).

Effects of chito-oligosaccharide supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and fecal shedding of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus in weaning pigs

Dietary supplementation of COS at 200 mg/kg and of CTC increased (P < 0.05) the villus height and villus:crypt ratio at the ileum and jejunum, and COS at 100 mg/kg also increased (P < 0.05) the villus height in the ileum compared with the control diet. The current results indicated that dietary supplementation of COS at 100 and 200 mg/kg enhanced growth performance by increasing apparent digestibility, decreasing the incidence of diarrhea, and improving small intestinal morphology.



8. Adipositas

Prawn Shell Chitosan Exhibits Anti-Obesogenic Potential through Alterations to Appetite, Affecting Feeding Behaviour and Satiety Signals In Vivo

Pigs receiving dietary chitosan had an up-regulation in gene expression of growth hormone receptor (P<0.05), Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (P<0.01), neuromedin B (P<0.05), neuropeptide Y receptor 5 (P<0.05) in hypothalamic nuclei and neuropeptide Y (P<0.05) in the jejunum. Animals consuming chitosan had increased leptin expression in adipose tissue compared to pigs offered the basal diet (P<0.05). In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that dietary prawn shell chitosan exhibits anti-obesogenic potential through alterations to appetite, and feeding behaviour affecting satiety signals in vivo.


Prawn Shell Chitosan Has Anti-Obesogenic Properties, Influencing Both Nutrient Digestibility and Microbial Populations in a Pig Model

Pigs offered chitosan had reduced feed intake and final body weight (P< 0.001), lower ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE) (P< 0.05) and reduced coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of gross energy and nitrogen (P<0.05) when compared to the basal group. Fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) gene expression was down-regulated in pigs offered chitosan (P = 0.05) relative to the basal diet. Serum leptin concentrations increased (P< 0.05) in animals offered the chitosan diet compared to pigs offered the basal diet. Fatness traits, back-fat depth (mm), fat content (kg), were significantly reduced while lean meat (%) was increased (P<0.05) in chitosan supplemented pigs. Pigs offered chitosan had decreased numbers of Firmicutes in the colon (P <0.05), and Lactobacillus spp. in both the caecum (P <0.05) and colon (P <0.001). Bifidobacteria populations were increased in the caecum of animals offered the chitosan diet (P <0.05). In conclusion, these findings suggest that prawn shell chitosan has potent anti-obesity/body weight control effects which are mediated through multiple biological systems in vivo.

9. Diabetes

Chitosan modifies glycemic levels in people with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis

The results revealed a significant reduction in fasting glucose levels (SMD: − 0.39 mmol/L, 95% CI: − 0.62 to − 0.16) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (SMD: -1.10; 95% CI: − 2.15 to − 0.06) following chitosan supplementation but no effect on insulin levels (SMD: − 0.20 pmol/L, 95% CI: − 0.64 to 0.24). Subgroup analyses further demonstrated significant reductions in fasting glucose levels in subjects administered 1.6–3 g of chitosan per day and in studies longer than 13 weeks. Trial sequential analysis of the pooled results of the hypoglycemic effect demonstrated that the cumulative Z-curve crossed both the conventional boundary and trial sequential monitoring boundary for glucose and HbA1c.



10. Leptinresistenz

Anti-Obesity Effect of Chitosan Oligosaccharide Capsules (COSCs) in Obese Rats by Ameliorating Leptin Resistance and Adipogenesis

The results suggested that COSCs activate the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway to alleviate leptin resistance and suppress adipogenesis to reduce lipid accumulation. Thus, they can potentially be used for obesity treatment.

Prawn Shell Chitosan Exhibits Anti-Obesogenic Potential through Alterations to Appetite, Affecting Feeding Behaviour and Satiety Signals In Vivo

Animals consuming chitosan had increased leptin expression in adipose tissue compared to pigs offered the basal diet (P<0.05). In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that dietary prawn shell chitosan exhibits anti-obesogenic potential through alterations to appetite, and feeding behaviour affecting satiety signals in vivo.



11. Arthrose

Chitosan oligosaccharide suppresses synovial inflammation via AMPK activation: An in vitro and in vivo study

Importantly, oral administration of COS (10 mg/kg/day) induced AMPK activation and alleviated signs of inflammation including COX-2 expression in the synovium of a rabbit ACL transection model. Taken together, our results indicate that COS suppresses synovial inflammation in vitro and in vivo via AMPK activation. COS may be useful in the prevention of OA.

Wirkung

Chitin, Chitosan, Oligosaccharide und Derivate üben viele biologische Aktivitäten aus, einschließlich antitumorale, antimikrobielle, antioxidative und entzündungshemmende Aktivitäten, die als therapeutische Polymere verwendet werden könnten

Von besonderer Bedeutung ist, dass COS und seine Derivate nachweislich mehrere biologische Aktivitäten besitzen, darunter entzündungshemmende, immunstimulierende, tumorhemmende, fettreduzierende, blutdrucksenkende, Alzheimer-hemmende, Geweberegeneration fördernde, verbesserte Arzneimittel- und DNA-Abgabe, Verbesserung der antimikrobiellen, antioxidativen und Kalziumabsorption. 

Die Einnahme dieses natürlichen Polysaccharids erhöhte das Serum-Leptin, ein Hormon, das eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Unterdrückung des Appetits spielt, was auf eine mögliche Verbindung zwischen Chitosan und der Appetitkontrolle hindeutet [ 9 ].

Artikel

The Potential of Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Prevention and Treatment of Age-Related Diseases